Cole, E. J., Stimpson, K. H., Bentzley, B. S., Gulser, M., Cherian, K., Tischler, C., Nejad, R., Pankow, H., Choi, E. E. Y., Aaron, H., Espil, F. M., Pannu, J., Xiao, X., Duvio, D., Solvason, H. B., Hawkins, J., Guerra, A., Jo, B., Raj, K. S., Phillips, A. L., … Williams, N. R. (2020). Stanford accelerated intelligent neuromodulation therapy for treatment-resistant depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 177(8), 716–726. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19070720

Findings: This accelerated TMS protocol (consisting of 10 daily sessions over 5 consecutive days) was well tolerated, safe, and 86.4% of patients met remission criteria for treatment-resistant depression.

Cole, E. J., Phillips, A. L., Bentzley, B. S., Stimpson, K. H., Nejad, R., Barmak, F., Veerapal, C., Khan, N., Cherian, K., Felber, E., Brown, R., Choi, E., King, S., Pankow, H., Bishop, J. H., Azeez, A., Coetzee, J., Rapier, R., Odenwald, N., Carreon, D., … Williams, N. R. (2022). Stanford neuromodulation therapy (SNT): A double-blind randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 179(2), 132–141. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.20101429

Findings: This was a follow-up study to the previous SAINT study; it confirmed the results of the SAINT protocol being an efficacious treatment for those with TRD.

Siddiqi, S. H., Trapp, N. T., Hacker, C. D., Laumann, T. O., Kandala, S., Hong, X., Trillo, L., Shahim, P., Leuthardt, E. C., Carter, A. R., & Brody, D. L. (2019). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation with resting-state network targeting for treatment-resistant depression in traumatic brain injury: A randomized, controlled, double-blinded pilot study. Journal of Neurotrauma, 36(8), 1361–1374. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2018.5889

Findings: found that rTMS is feasible in TBI patients with depression, and that it is associated with an improvement in depressive symptoms and neurophysiological changes in targeted brain networks.

Mollica, A., Greben, R., Oriuwa, C., Siddiqi, S. H., & Burke, M. J. (2022). Neuromodulation treatments for mild traumatic brain injury and post-concussive symptoms. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 22(3), 171–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-022-01183-w

Findings: mTBI can result in prolonged post-concussive symptoms (depression, headaches, cognitive impairment) that are difficult to treat, but TMS has promising results for post-concussive depression and headache.

Aleid, A. M., AlShammri, M. S., Aldanyowi, S. N., Alessa, A. A., Alhussain, A. A., & Al Mutair, A. (2025). Use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in traumatic brain injury: A systematic review and meta‑analysis of randomized controlled trials. Surgical Neurology International, 16(175). https://doi.org/10.25259/SNI_926_2024

Findings: This systematic review found that rTMS was effective in reducing pain and in increasing cognition in numerous different studies.

Mollica, A., Safavifar, F., Fralick, M., Giacobbe, P., Lipsman, N., & Burke, M. J. (2021). Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of concussion: A systematic review. Neuromodulation, 24(5), 803–812. https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.13319

Findings: This study reviewed TMS trials for the treatment of symptoms following a concussion/mild TBI and found positive results for studies investigating rTMS for post-concussive depression as well as post-concussive headache.

Galimberti, A., Tik, M., Pellegrino, G., & Schuler, A.-L. (2024). Effectiveness of rTMS and tDCS treatment for chronic TBI symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 128, 110863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110863

Findings: This review found that different forms of neuromodulation (including rTMS) showed significant overall effects for anxiety and headache.

Olsson, S. E., Singh, H., Kerr, M. S., Podlesh, Z., Chung, J., & Tjan, A. (2023). The role of transcranial magnetic stimulation in treating depression after traumatic brain injury. Brain Stimulation, 16(2), 456–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2023.02.005

Findings: This review found that rTMS was an effective treatment for patients with post-concussion depression.

Leung, A. Y., Metzger‑Smith, V., He, Y., Cordero, J., Ehlert, B., Song, D., Lin, L., Shahrokh, G., Tsai, A., Vaninetti, M., Rutledge, T., Polston, G., Sheu, R., & Lee, R. (2018). Left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex rTMS in alleviating MTBI‑related headaches and depressive symptoms. Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface, 21(4), 390–401. https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.12615

Findings: This study found that a short course of TMS at the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex can alleviate mild TBI headaches and lead to improvements in mood.

Begemann, M. J., Brand, B. A., Ćurčić‑Blake, B., Aleman, A., & Sommer, I. E. (2020). Efficacy of non‑invasive brain stimulation on cognitive functioning in brain disorders: A meta‑analysis. Psychological Medicine, 50(15), 2465–2486. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720003670

Findings: This meta-analysis found that TMS led to a small but significant improvement in working memory. 

Phipps, C. J., Murman, D. L., & Warren, D. E. (2021). Stimulating Memory: Reviewing Interventions Using Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Enhance or Restore Memory Abilities. Brain sciences, 11(10), 1283. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11101283

Findings: This review found that high frequency TMS has been shown in numerous studies to lead to improvements in memory and cognition.

Parikh, T. K., Strawn, J. R., Walkup, J. T., & Croarkin, P. E. (2022). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for generalized anxiety disorder: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 25(2), 144–146. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyab077

Findings: This review/meta-analysis found that rTMS has a robust effect in treatment generalized anxiety disorder.

Berlim, M. T., & Van den Eynde, F. (2014). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for treating posttraumatic stress disorder: An exploratory meta‑analysis of randomized, double‑blind and sham‑controlled trials. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 59(9), 487–496. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371405900905

Findings: This review found that rTMS applied to the RDLPFC was effective in reducing PTSD and anxiety symptoms.

Sasaki, N., Yamatoku, M., Tsuchida, T., Sato, H., & Yamaguchi, K. (2023). Effect of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Long Coronavirus Disease 2019 with Fatigue and Cognitive Dysfunction. Progress in rehabilitation medicine, 8, 20230004. https://doi.org/10.2490/prm.20230004

Findings: This study found that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation may improve fatigue and cognitive dysfunction in patients with long COVID, with participants showing significant improvements in fatigue scores, cognitive testing, and cerebral blood flow after treatment.

Sasaki, N., Yamatoku, M., Tsuchida, T., Sato, H., & Yamaguchi, K. (2023). Effect of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Long Coronavirus Disease 2019 with Fatigue and Cognitive Dysfunction. Progress in rehabilitation medicine, 8, 20230004. https://doi.org/10.2490/prm.20230004

Findings: This study suggests that TMS may help alleviate neuropsychiatric symptoms of long COVID (such as depression, chronic fatigue, and cognitive impairment) based on improvements observed in patients receiving TMS in a clinical registry.

Bedder, M., & Parker, L. (2023). Magnetic Peripheral Nerve Stimulation (mPNS) for Chronic Pain. Journal of pain research, 16, 2365–2373. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S409331

Findings: This review found that mPNS appears promising for the treatment of chronic or chronic and intractable neuropathic pain for many of the same indications as traditional electrical peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) but as a non-invasive alternative.

Denton, A. J., Finberg, A., Ashman, P. E., Bencie, N. B., Scaglione, T., Kuzbyt, B., Telischi, F. F., Mittal, R., & Eshraghi, A. A. (2021). Implications of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as a Treatment Modality for Tinnitus. Journal of clinical medicine, 10(22), 5422. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10225422

Findings: This review found that transcranial magnetic stimulation shows statistically significant improvements in tinnitus severity across many studies.

Liang, Z., Yang, H., Cheng, G., Huang, L., Zhang, T., & Jia, H. (2020). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on chronic tinnitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC psychiatry, 20(1), 547. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02947-9

Findings: This meta-analysis explored 29 studies involving 1228 patients and found that rTMS is effective for chronic tinnitus. rTMS exhibited significant improvements in the tinnitus handicap inventory (THI) scores compared to sham.